where I002 is the intensity of the crystalline peak and Iam is the
intensity of the amorphous peak. A baseline correction based on
Sonneveld and Visser (1975) was used.
Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed on a
Bruker Senterra Dispersive Raman microscope equipped with an
Olympus 20× objective, Bruker Optik GmbH (Germany). Spectra
were collected with a 785 nm laser at a power of 100 mW for 1 min
with a resolution of 5 cm−1. Several spots of sample were studied to
ensure the reproducibility of the measurements and thus present
typical spectra.
The morphologies of the carrot and BSG residues were studied
before and after the isolation process using field emission scanning
electron microscopy FE-SEM Merlin (Zeiss, Germany) at an
acceleration voltage of 5 kV. The fibers were dried in acetone to
reduce their tendency to aggregate and coated with gold to avoid
charging. The nanofiber size distribution (width) was based on 100
measurements for each sample measured from the SEM images
using SemAfore software.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Veeco Multimode Scanning
Probe (USA), was used to further study the size distribution