Obtained from the archives of the Wellcome Trust and assembled in a new book entitled "Crucial Interventions," the horrific diagrams show how doctors used to cut tumors out of patients’ tongues and breasts, amputate fingers and perform eye surgery, all without anaesthetics. One can only imagine the amount of pain that these patients must have been in, and those who didn’t die on the operating table later ran a high risk of infection after being sewn back up, with the first antibiotic not being discovered until the 1900s.