Not all theorists agree with the basic tenets of dual-coding
theory. Miller and Burton (1994) characterize those who
argue that imaging is encoded as neutral abstract propositions
(as opposed to spatial and modality-specific encoding)
as the “anti-image group” (e.g., Pylyshyn, 1981). Although
there has been no direct conflict between cue summation
theory (see 29.4) and dual coding theory, neither has there
been any concerted attempt to reconcile the two theories into
a more encompassing theorization.