Irving et al recently performed HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis of outer membrane vesicles
(OMVs) from pathogenic bacteria including Helicobacter pylori and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a physiological mechanism to deliver
peptidoglycan into the host cell cytosol and revealed that OMVs induced autophagosome formation and inflammatory IL-8
responses in epithelial cells in a NOD1- and RIP2-dependent manner (Irving et al., 2014).