This study of formal e-waste recycling clearly shows that workers with different recycling tasks had elevated exposure to toxic metals.
Overall, we observed few differences in exposure patterns between the different work tasks performed. Furthermore, the study shows that rare metals, such as In and Sb, and not only Hg and Pb, must be monitored in these settings both in air and human samples. These findings further indicate the need for more automated processes in recycling of e-waste to protect both workers and the environment, especially since the amount in tonnage of e-waste is continuously growing at a rapid pace. Also, more studies of health parameters from formal and informal e-waste recycling workers in combination with exposure monitoring is needed. Such studies should use the same sampling and analytical techniques to be directly comparable. The elevated level of