The biochemical properties of each of the top 20 S. japonicum TR genes/proteins were analyzed for 1) a protein's molecular mass, isoelectric point, presence of a signal sequence, trans-membrane domain(s), or a GPI-anchor signal; 2) known antigenicity and/or functions by Blast searches against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database using both DNA and deduced amino acid sequences; 3) evidence of protein expression by comparison with a previous study26; 4) transcriptomic expression levels by comparison with the NCBI EST database.