Thus, the frequency of use of PACs in hospitalized
patients in critical care units is declining, and the DCs
related to this catheter that are listed by NANDA-I tend
not to be identified as frequently in clinical practice. The
clinical management of these patients relies on other
parameters to confirm the adequacy of cardiac output,
such as oxygen saturation, verification of pulse pressure,
measurements of the partial oxygen pressure, increased
levels of serum lactate and base excess, which are
obtained from venous blood and central venous access
to the superior vena cava or right atrium(