The history of catapult spans from ancient times well into the modern area with the basic principles of propulsion remaining the same. Designs have become more complex, but the intent is the constant – to hurl an object through the air at a target.
Technically, catapult history begins with whatever device man first created to assist in propelling a missile at a target. For example, a slingshot operates on the same basic theory.
For use in siege warfare, it is believed catapult history begins somewhere in the 300s AD. Engineers working for Phillip of Macedonia are credited with building the first ballista. This model of catapult used two wooden arms, tightly wound ropes and a cord to assist in the hurling of deadly projectiles, such as spears, at an enemy.
The ballista’s use of torsion force to launch objects earned it a lasting place in the history of catapult.
Not to be outdone, the Romans added their own chapter to history of catapult with the later creation of the mangonel. This model was similar in design to the Greek version, but called for only one wooden arm. The mangonel, however, had somewhat of a design flaw in that in called for a wooden barrier to be constructed. Its place in catapult history is nonetheless well documented as this model was still in use when the trebuchet arrived on the scene. Unlike its earlier Greek brother, the mangonel is counted as a simpler design in history of catapult.
Another, more ferocious chapter in history of the catapult is believed to have opened in 12th-century France with the creation of the trebuchet. This massive engine of siege is reported to have struck great fear in the hearts of enemies. The design and its sheer power have launched this example catapult history through the centuries.
The trebuchet used a long wooden arm rested on a pivot point, which acted as a large lever. A projectile was placed on one end and warriors in this earlier version of the trebuchet pulled on ropes attached to the other end to essentially swing the arm around and hurl the stone.
As history of catapult marches forward, more advanced designs of the trebuchet were created, using a counterweight rather than muscles to provide the energy. In these versions, warriors would pull down against the counterweight, load the missile and release the arm.