Effect of emulsifiers on cake batter containing MD Addition of either 0.5% glycerol monostearate(GMS) or sodium steroyl lactylate (SSL) increased the viscosity of cake batter only where 25% fat was replaced with an equal quantity of MD (Fig. 7). The batter viscosity increased from 1715 AU to 1970 AU and 1940 AU when 0.5% of GMS and SSL, respectively, were used. In batters where 50% of fat was replaced with MD, only SSL increased the batter viscosity from 1395 AU to 1650 AU while the viscosity decreased in the presence of GMS. At 75% replacement of fat, viscosity of batters containing both GMSandSSLdecreased.However,viscosityofbatter containing SSL was relatively higher (1230 AU) than that containing GMS (830 AU). It can be observed here that both GMS and SSL were able to increase the viscosity of batter when 25% fat was reduced. With further fat reduction SSL was more efficient in increasing batter viscosity than GMS. It is probable that SSL having a higher HLB value (10–12) was more efficient in increasing batter viscosity in a system where fat level was relatively low. Boyd et al.15 found that oil-in-water emulsions were most stable when emulsifiers with higher HLB values were used. In a normal batter, however, presence of emulsifiers had a significant positive effect on the viscosity at ambient temperature, reflecting their ability to promote air incorporation in the batter.16