The ice cream samples were manufactured according to the
industrial process in the R&D department of Zarrin-Ghazal Co. at
pilot plant scale (25 kg). Based on the treatments, the ingredients of
the ice creams were mixed at 60 C for 10 min and after homogenisation
(100 L h1 capacity; APV, Denmark) with a suitable pressure
(depending on fat content), the ice cream mixes were
pasteurised (100 L h1 capacity; APV) at 85 C for 15 s. Then, the ice
cream mixes were cooled to 4 ± 1 C and aged at this temperature
for 24 h. After that, a required amount of each mix was set aside for
physicochemical analyses and the remaining portion were frozen
using a continuous ice cream freezer (150 L h1 capacity; FARCK
S.p.A., Pianengo, CR, Italy) to the ice cream production. Semi-frozen
ice cream was packaged in 175 mL plastic bags and the overrun of
the samples was measured. Only the ice creams with 75% overrun
were hardened and stored at 18 C to remove the overrun effect
on the textural properties of the samples. Overrun was measured
by the following equation: