Having learned much from its stake in Mazda, Ford launched its own version of just-in-time called Ford Production System (FPS) a few years ago. Ford has done much to reduce product complexity. This is basically measured by the number of different body styles that are possible. Both Ford and Toyota have three basic body styles, But Ford limits variation to left-hand/right-hand drive and sunroof/no sun roof versions. Since these are multiplicative, 12 body shells are possible. Toyota in addition has variations to allow for different engine types and air conditioner types, together with spoiler/no spoiler versions. In total, this means that Toyota has over 70 body shell variations. When multiplied again by the number of painted body colours (say 10 for both firms), Toyota ends up with hundreds more painted body options than Ford. This contributes to a surprising difference when it comes to building the car: