4.2. Test II: Effect of regulatory quality on IFRS adoption and enforcement changes Our second set of tests examines whether the liquidity effects in the five EU countries stem from explanation (ii) and simply reflect pre-existing differences in the level of enforcement or in regulatory quality. The five countries with concurrent enforcement changes are all countries with relatively strong legal systems and a proven track record of implementing regulation (see Table 1). Thus, one could argue that our results merely mirror prior work showing that capital-market effects around IFRS adoption are concentrated in such economies and that the lack of effects in countries without bundled enforcement changes could be due to the fact that this latter group also includes countries of low regulatory quality. To disentangle enforcement changes and pre-existing differences in legal and regulatory systems, we expand our regression model to account for the role that regulatory quality (and other institutional proxies) plays for the liquidity effects around IFRS adoption, and report results in Table 4.