Both the duration of heating time and the type of amino acid used to generate MRPs were not significant attributes to the temporal pattern of glucosone concentrations in Fru-Gly and Fru-Lys mixtures (Fig. 5A). However, glucosone concentration peaked to 989.4 μg/g d.m. in the Glu-Gly model compared to 1775.5 μg/g d.m. in the Glu-Lys model when heated for 60 and 30 min, respectively. Although marked increases (P < 0.05) in 3-DG concentrations were found in both Fru-Gly and Glu-Gly MR mixtures, no significant change in 3-DG concentrations occurred over the 90 minute heating time in the Fru-Lys model ( Fig. 5B). The peak concentration (1681.1 μg/g d.m.) of 3-DG was generated in the Glu-Lys model when heated for 30 min. Heating mixtures for less than 30 min at high temperatures, the produced 3-DG were independent of the type of amino acid when reacted with the same sugar. In contrast, the presence of glycine in these reaction mixtures produced significantly (P < 0.05) greater amounts of 3-DG compared to that of lysine, when the sugar-amino acid reactants were heated for 60 min or more. We attribute this result to the faster rate of removal of the 3-DG to subsequent later stage products in the lysine containing MR mixtures due to the faster reaction rate of lysine compared to glycine ( Sandwick, Johanson, & Breuer, 2005).