voltages (from less than 10 V up to several hundred volts); the response time is in the
range of a few picoseconds [1]. The V–I characteristics of the diode are similar to
equation (5.1), but the value of a can be between 7 and 700 depending upon the
rating. The diode is placed in parallel with the circuit to be protected and will not
operate until a surge exceeds the diode’s breakdown voltage. The surge causing the
diode to conduct will be clamped to the diode’s rated voltage