Scientific advances made in emerging biotechnological areas of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabonomics have had a major impact on approach of environmental health and biomedical research. Although the DNA microarray technology has provided a new tool to critically assess changes in gene expression on a genome-wide basis, the transcriptomic technology has helped to explore gene expression at the RNA level. Building on genomics and transcriptomics knowledge, the proteomic technology has allowed the assessment of the activities, regulation, and interactions of proteins in response to internal and external stimuli. In addition, the metabonomic technology has provided unique opportunities for studying metabolic responses to drugs, environmental changes, and disease processes. These innovative technologies have provided a framework for understanding human biology at the cellular and molecular levels, as well as the mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of functional networks by environmental agents, and the biochemical processes associated with human diseases and environmental exposures. They are also helping to unravel the complex relationships between genes, gene products, and cellular and biological functions, to develop novel therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic agents, and to formulate personalized medicine.