Objective of Study:
1. To investigate whether managers of lowgrowth
companies with high free cash flows have
incentives to boost reported earnings by choosing
income-increasing discretionary accruals (DAC).
2. To examine whether external monitoring by
high-quality auditors and institutional investors with
substantial shareholdings are effective in deterring
opportunistic earnings management.
3. To investigate whether and how the
interaction effect of surplus free cash flow (SFCF) on
discretionary accruals (DAC) is constrained or
moderated by external monitoring by high-quality
auditors and substantial institutional shareholders.