Another block to OD has come from the way strategic planning has traditionally been separated and sequenced by scholars and managers into two independent and sequential activities: a formulation stage and an implementation phase (Ansoff, 1965). The formulation stage has been reserved largely for top management to focus on content and analysis, and subsequent implementation and change phases typically have been delegated to middle and lower management. OD has occasionally contributed to the implementation stage when organization change is involved (Tichy, 1983), but rarely has OD been involved in the formulation stage.