Child malnutrition is more common in slums than in non-slum areas.[204] In Mumbai and New Delhi, 47% and 51% of slum children under the age of five are stunted and 35% and 36% of them are underweighted. These children all suffer from third-degree malnutrition, the most severe level, according to WHO standards.[205] A study conducted by Tada et al. in Bangkok slums illustrates that in terms of weight-forage, 25.4% of the children who participated in the survey suffered from malnutrition, compared to around 8% national malnutrition prevalence in Thailand.[206] In Ethiopia and the Niger, rates of child malnutrition in urban slums are around 40%.[207]
The major nutritional problems in slums are protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), vitamin A deficiency (VAD), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).[204] Malnutrition can sometimes lead to death among children.[208] Dr. Abhay Bang's report shows that malnutrition kills 56,000 children annually in urban slums in India.[209]
Widespread child malnutrition in slums is closely related to family income, mothers’ food practice, mothers’ educational level, and maternal employment or housewifery.[206] Poverty may result in inadequate food intake when people cannot afford to buy and store enough food, which leads to malnutrition.[210] Another common cause is mothers’ faulty feeding practices, including inadequate breastfeeding and wrongly preparation of food for children.[204] Tada et al.'s study in Bangkok slums shows that around 64% of the mothers sometimes fed their children instant food instead of a normal meal. And about 70% of the mothers did not provide their children three meals everyday. Mothers’ lack of education leads to their faulty feeding practices. Many mothers in slums don’t have knowledge on food nutrition for children.[206] Maternal employment also influences children's nutritional status. For the mothers who work outside, their children are prone to be malnourished. These children are likely to be neglected by their mothers or sometimes not carefully looked after by their female relatives.
Child malnutrition is more common in slums than in non-slum areas.[204] In Mumbai and New Delhi, 47% and 51% of slum children under the age of five are stunted and 35% and 36% of them are underweighted. These children all suffer from third-degree malnutrition, the most severe level, according to WHO standards.[205] A study conducted by Tada et al. in Bangkok slums illustrates that in terms of weight-forage, 25.4% of the children who participated in the survey suffered from malnutrition, compared to around 8% national malnutrition prevalence in Thailand.[206] In Ethiopia and the Niger, rates of child malnutrition in urban slums are around 40%.[207]
The major nutritional problems in slums are protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), vitamin A deficiency (VAD), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).[204] Malnutrition can sometimes lead to death among children.[208] Dr. Abhay Bang's report shows that malnutrition kills 56,000 children annually in urban slums in India.[209]
Widespread child malnutrition in slums is closely related to family income, mothers’ food practice, mothers’ educational level, and maternal employment or housewifery.[206] Poverty may result in inadequate food intake when people cannot afford to buy and store enough food, which leads to malnutrition.[210] Another common cause is mothers’ faulty feeding practices, including inadequate breastfeeding and wrongly preparation of food for children.[204] Tada et al.'s study in Bangkok slums shows that around 64% of the mothers sometimes fed their children instant food instead of a normal meal. And about 70% of the mothers did not provide their children three meals everyday. Mothers’ lack of education leads to their faulty feeding practices. Many mothers in slums don’t have knowledge on food nutrition for children.[206] Maternal employment also influences children's nutritional status. For the mothers who work outside, their children are prone to be malnourished. These children are likely to be neglected by their mothers or sometimes not carefully looked after by their female relatives.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..