The Newly Introduced Multidimensional Poverty Index Poverty cannot be adequately measured with income, as Amartya Sen’s capability framework, examined in Chapter 1, makes apparent. Income is imperfectly measured, but even more important, the advantages provided by a given amount of income greatly differ, depending on circumstances. To capture this idea the United Nations Development Program used its Human Poverty Index11 from 1997 to 2009. In 2010, the UNDP replaced the HPI with its new Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI); by building up the index from the household level, the MPI takes into account that there are negative interaction effects when people have multiple deprivations—worse poverty than can be seen by simply adding up separate deprivations for the whole country, taking averages, and only then combining them. The first step in measuring poverty is to know which people are poor. In the multidimensional poverty approach, a poor person is identified through what is called the “dual cutoff method”: first, the cutoff levels within each of the dimensions (analogous to falling below a poverty line such as $1.25 per day if income poverty were being addressed), and second, the cutoff of the number of dimensions in which a person must be deprived (below the line) to be deemed multidimensionally poor.