Tillage systems were: (i) minimum tillage (MT) with optional sub-soiling to 20 cm in autumn if soil compaction was high (based on visual assessment of soil pit and/or penetrometer readings) with cultivation to 8 cm for seedbed preparation, (ii) non-inversion tillage (NIT) with yearly sub-soiling to 20 cm in autumn and cultivation to 8 cm for seedbed preparation, (iii) mouldboard ploughing (MP) to 25 cm in autumn and cultivation to 8 cm for seedbed preparation