Freedman et al. [141] found that the conversion rate of fattyacid esters increases with reaction time. At the beginning, the reactionis slow due to the mixing and dispersion of alcohol into the oil.After a while, the reaction proceeds very fast. Normally, the yieldreaches a maximum at a reaction time of <90 min, and then remainsrelatively constant with a further increase in the reactiontime [28,142]. Moreover, excess reaction time will lead to a reductionin the product yield due to the backward reaction of transesterification,resulting in a loss of esters as well as causing more fattyacids to form soaps [143,144].
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