On the face of it the evidence from these three examples would seem; to suggest that it is over-optimistic to expect the ordinary worker to' avail himself of opportunities for higher level partial participation and that the conclusion should be that the contemporary theory of democracy is right to start with the fact of apathy as a basic datum. However, the evidence is capable of being interpreted in a different way. At Scott Bader, like the John Lewis Partnership, there are few opportunities for lower level participation and yet all our evidence has shown that ordinary worken are interested in this level.t It could be argued that lack of such opportunities where interest exists could lead to the higher level participation opportunities seeming remote from the rank and file worker, for little in his everyday work experience prepares him for these. It is significant that attitudes of employees at different job levels in the Commonwealth differ gready as is illustrated by the question of the Board of Directon and the Founder Memben' shares. Before 1963 the Founder Memben had certain rights and held IO% of the shares and in 1957 Ernest Bader offered to transfer these shares to the Commonwealth. Discussion groups were formed to consider this proposal, reporting that it was acceptable providing that the right of electing directon was also vested in the Commonwealth. This Ernest Bader rejected. In 1959, Blum asked questions on both these points, and it was the managerial and laboratory workers who were mostly in favour, and the factory workers who wete mostly against or uncertain about handing over the shares or electing the directors. 'What on earth would we do, we don't know who should go on the Board, only the higher ups know that', and 'No, the Founder shares shouldn't go to the Commonwealth, after all he founded the 6rm. it was his money in the fint place' were typical comments from the latter (pp. 146-s2). The difference in attitudes on this point might offer support for Cole's view of the 'training for subservience' received by most ordinary worken. That is to say, even in a situation where higher levd opportunities are opened up for the ordinary worker, who has been socialised into the existing system of industrial authority structures and who still bas no opportunity to participate every day at the lower level, notions such as the election of directon are frequendy just not 'available', in the way that they are to higher status worken.t
On the face of it the evidence from these three examples would seem; to suggest that it is over-optimistic to expect the ordinary worker to' avail himself of opportunities for higher level partial participation and that the conclusion should be that the contemporary theory of democracy is right to start with the fact of apathy as a basic datum. However, the evidence is capable of being interpreted in a different way. At Scott Bader, like the John Lewis Partnership, there are few opportunities for lower level participation and yet all our evidence has shown that ordinary worken are interested in this level.t It could be argued that lack of such opportunities where interest exists could lead to the higher level participation opportunities seeming remote from the rank and file worker, for little in his everyday work experience prepares him for these. It is significant that attitudes of employees at different job levels in the Commonwealth differ gready as is illustrated by the question of the Board of Directon and the Founder Memben' shares. Before 1963 the Founder Memben had certain rights and held IO% of the shares and in 1957 Ernest Bader offered to transfer these shares to the Commonwealth. Discussion groups were formed to consider this proposal, reporting that it was acceptable providing that the right of electing directon was also vested in the Commonwealth. This Ernest Bader rejected. In 1959, Blum asked questions on both these points, and it was the managerial and laboratory workers who were mostly in favour, and the factory workers who wete mostly against or uncertain about handing over the shares or electing the directors. 'What on earth would we do, we don't know who should go on the Board, only the higher ups know that', and 'No, the Founder shares shouldn't go to the Commonwealth, after all he founded the 6rm. it was his money in the fint place' were typical comments from the latter (pp. 146-s2). The difference in attitudes on this point might offer support for Cole's view of the 'training for subservience' received by most ordinary worken. That is to say, even in a situation where higher levd opportunities are opened up for the ordinary worker, who has been socialised into the existing system of industrial authority structures and who still bas no opportunity to participate every day at the lower level, notions such as the election of directon are frequendy just not 'available', in the way that they are to higher status worken.t
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