Carbonaceous refractories behave differently than the typical ceramic refractories,
primarily because carbonaceous types are conductive rather than insulating.
All carbonaceous lining systems perform as a “conductive cooling system”
as opposed to a classic definition of a refractory lining that is typically an
“insulating system.” Consequently, proper cooling must always be utilized
with any carbonaceous lining system to assist in maintaining refractory temperatures
that are below the critical chemical attack temperature for mechanisms such
as oxidation, alkali, CO degradation, or dissolution of the carbon by molten
metal