If validation is not a criterion for retaining conjectures, this means at least two things. First, the criteria used in place of validation must be explored carefully since the theorist, not the environment, now controls the survival of conjectures. Second, the contribution of social science does not lie in validated knowledge, but rather in the suggestion of relationships and connections that had previously not been suspected, relationships that change actions and perspectives. As Lindblom (1987) observed, "of all our valid knowledge of the social world, most of it seems to have been the product of lay rather than professional inquiry. . . . A typical situation in social science is that scientific inquiry only modestly raises the validity of a lay proposition by qualifying it" (p. 517).