Combining these two change dimensions-strategic versus incremental change and reactive versus anticipatory change-means that four types of changes can be identified (see Figure 18.1). Nadler and Tushman refer to an incremental and anticipatory change as tuning. This is the simplest type of change to conceive and implement: It combines relatively limited incremental modifications of specific organizational components with the luxury of making those changes slowly, in anticipation of future events. When incremental change is initiated reactively, it is referred to as adaptation. Incremental changes like these are also relatively limited in scope. However they are reactively implemented as a result of the time constraints associated with unexpected, unanticipated fluctuations in the firm’s environment. Similarly, strategic changes initiated in anticipation of future events are knows as reorientations, while strategic changes like Chrysler’s that are prompted by immediate crises are called recreations.