Study design Adolescents (11-19 years old) born with a CHD requiring open-heart surgery during infancy (n = 80) or born preterm ≤29 weeks of gestational age (n = 128) between 1991 and 1999 underwent a cross-sectional evalu- ation of cognitive (Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised), motor (Movement Assessment Battery for Children- II), behavioral (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), and functional (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II) outcomes. Independent samples t tests and Pearson c2 or Fisher exact tests were used to compare mean scores and pro- portions of impairment, respectively, between groups.