The final two factors referred to the principal’s and the teacher’s role in the
educational system. In the first case, three principal-related items were grouped
together, namely, the principal’s initiative for school improvement, his/her
administration of the school, and his/her leadership ability. In the second case,
the factor included the participation of teachers in decision making, the
participation of teachers in school management, and the degree to which
teachers could take advantage of in-service training opportunities. Even
though the availability of in-service training could be also viewed as an
incentive, it appears that teachers viewed such training in the context of their
professional role.