The mammographic mass dataset contains 516 benign and 445 malignant cases, totaling 961 clinical instances. Each clinical instance has five attributes (referred to as BIRADS, age, shape, margin, and density) and one class attribute (referred to as severity) with a binary value of 0 or 1, indicating benign or malignant diagnoses, respectively. The physical meanings of the five attributes and the class attribute are listed in Table 1.