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Data shown are mean (95% confidence interval) or median (range), when appropriate. Abbreviations: ARM, anorectal malformations; CNS, central nervous system; SGA, small for gestational age; CI, confidence intervals.
a ARM classified parallel to Rintala as follows: low malformations were anal stenosis, covered anus, perianal fistula, and vestibular fistula. High malformations were rectourethral fistula, anal atresia without fistula, rectum atresia, and persisting cloaca.
b Percentages shown are of the total study sample. Because many children had more than 1 associated major anomaly, the total percentage exceeds 46%.
c Gestational age b37 weeks.
d 22 children had not undergone surgical correction of ARM: 18 had a low malformation requiring Hegar dilatation only, 4 had a high malformation and permanent colostomy.