If N 6≡ 1 (mod 4), then Theorem 1 gives a necessary condition for finding elements k of K(N), and hence it may be applied to find an upper bound for |K(N)|, the number of elements inK(N).
For, if N−1 has the unique prime factorization given by N−1 =Qt i=1 pai i , then we call the prime powers pai i the components of N −1.
Then dkN −1 if and only ifd is a product of components of N −1 (including the empty product 1).
We refer to t, the number of components of N −1, as ω(N −1).
Thus by Theorem 1, if N 6≡ 1 (mod 4) then
If N 6≡ 1 (mod 4), then Theorem 1 gives a necessary condition for finding elements k of K(N), and hence it may be applied to find an upper bound for |K(N)|, the number of elements inK(N). For, if N−1 has the unique prime factorization given by N−1 =Qt i=1 pai i , then we call the prime powers pai i the components of N −1. Then dkN −1 if and only ifd is a product of components of N −1 (including the empty product 1). We refer to t, the number of components of N −1, as ω(N −1). Thus by Theorem 1, if N 6≡ 1 (mod 4) then
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