How many NGOs exist is unknown. These organizations are powerful engines for
organizing and driving policy change. Their influence has been impressive. At the 1992
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, they raised public pressure for governments to commit
to reducing greenhouse gases. In 1994, they dominated the World Bank’s 50th
anniversary meeting and forced the Bank to rethink its goals and techniques. In 1998, a
coalition of environmentalists consumer rights activists pressed for the end of the
Multilateral Agreement on Investment, a draft treaty under the auspices of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to improve foreign investment
rules. In the late 1990s, Princess Diana’s much-publicized campaign to outlaw land mines
was part of a broader movement that, in just in year, led to substantial success. The
Jubilee 2000 campaign helped shape a new policy reducing the debts of the world’s
poorest countries. The number of international NGOs behind these and other movements
grew from 6,000 in 1990 to more than 26,000 at the end of the decade. The total number
of NGOs around the world, from neighborhood-based groups to large international
organizations, surely numbers in the millions.11 Moreover, not only have these NGOs
been important in political organizing. In many countries, including the US (as we shall
shortly see), they have become important as well in delivering public services.
How many NGOs exist is unknown. These organizations are powerful engines for
organizing and driving policy change. Their influence has been impressive. At the 1992
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, they raised public pressure for governments to commit
to reducing greenhouse gases. In 1994, they dominated the World Bank’s 50th
anniversary meeting and forced the Bank to rethink its goals and techniques. In 1998, a
coalition of environmentalists consumer rights activists pressed for the end of the
Multilateral Agreement on Investment, a draft treaty under the auspices of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to improve foreign investment
rules. In the late 1990s, Princess Diana’s much-publicized campaign to outlaw land mines
was part of a broader movement that, in just in year, led to substantial success. The
Jubilee 2000 campaign helped shape a new policy reducing the debts of the world’s
poorest countries. The number of international NGOs behind these and other movements
grew from 6,000 in 1990 to more than 26,000 at the end of the decade. The total number
of NGOs around the world, from neighborhood-based groups to large international
organizations, surely numbers in the millions.11 Moreover, not only have these NGOs
been important in political organizing. In many countries, including the US (as we shall
shortly see), they have become important as well in delivering public services.
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