2. Methods
2.1. Experimental design
This study was conducted on the rooftop of the Fordham Univer-sity parking garage located at Fordham’s Rose Hill campus, in theBronx, NY, USA (40.85906 N–73.881706 W). The roof is located onthe 5th level (top floor), 15 m above the ground level entrance and51 m above sea level. Surrounding buildings or trees do not shadethe roof.We created custom microcosms with zero tension lysimeters(Fig. 1a), constructed from 49 cm dia plastic containers (Model:0417WMRBKDC.08, Home Products International, Chicago, IL), andinstalled them on elevated platforms on the Fordham roof. A 2 cm