Proactive behavior can also be distinguished from related behaviors such as innovation and
adaptivity. Innovation is by definition ‘novel’, whereas being proactive does not necessarily imply
novelty. Employees might, for example, speak out on issues that affect their work group or they
might take charge to resolve a pre-existing problem. Such behavior can be classified as proactive,
yet not as innovative (Unsworth & Parker, 2002). Nevertheless, proactivity and innovation are
related in that future and change-oriented behaviors are important for the implementation aspect of
innovation. For example, Parker & Collins (in press) found high correlations between two proactive
behaviors (taking charge and voice) with the implementation items of Scott and Bruce’s (1994)
individual innovation measure (r=.58, r=.45, both p<.01; for taking charge and voice, respectively
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