In considering these studies, some precau- tions need to be taken. Speculation and extrap- olation are desirable, but such need to be differ- entiated from objective results. Studies need to be controlled and statistically analyzed. Practical clinical study results need to be viewed together with basic physiology knowledge and studies. Generalization can be detrimental if there are inadequate facts to substantiate it. It is not ac- ceptable to state that cold decreases blood flow, diminishes hemorrhage developing after trauma, decreases edema formation, decreases spasm and spasticity, and relieves musculoskeletal pain. It is acceptable, however, to state that based on research results or personal experi- ence that cold can do one or some of these things in this particular situation on this particular structure with this much cold applied for this much time with this population. It is acceptable to quote a study only if all pใertinent details are included in that quote. The utility of any treat- ment may be wholly or partly attributable to either or both the therapist's or patient's convic- tion that the treatment he is receiving will be effective. In examining IMT studies, it is relevant that a given depth of IMT measurement may be in different structures for different subjects