C. Self-Motivation
As an emotional intelligent competency, self-motivation
refers to “the ability to create a challenging vision and set
stretching goals; to remain focused and optimistic in spite of
setbacks; to take action every day and remain committed to a
cause; and to take responsibility for one’s successes and
failures” [27] or “the ability to pursue goals with energy and
persistence as well as remain optimism even in the face of
setbacks and failure” [20]. The elements of self-motivation
include achievement drive; commitment; initiative and
optimism in which optimism is believed to be the key
determination of self-motivation [28].