The approach to treatment of Gram-negative PJI with
debridement and prosthesis retention, combined with anintravenous then oral antibiotic regimen was successful in
this study, with only two of 17 patients failing treatment.
The 2-year survival rate free of treatment failure of 94%
compares favourably with other studies examining outcomes
for early Gram-positive PJI. Evidence has been limited with
regard to outcomes for Gram-negative PJI and to date has
shown variable results [1]; however, outcomes have been
better where fluoroquinolones have been used in the antibiotic
regimen [2,4]. Notably, most patients in this study had
been treated with a fluoroquinolone and the one patient
who had a relapsed Gram-negative infection was not treated
with a fluoroquinolone, albeit with a treatment course shorter than intended
The importance of treating Gram-positive prosthesis
infections with antibiotics that have good activity against
biofilm-associated organisms, such as rifampicin, has been
well established [5]. For Gram-negative infections, most
in vitro evidence shows that fluoroquinolones have better
activity than other antibiotics in killing and preventing attachment
of slow-growing biofilm-associated organisms [6–9].
Links have been made between better clinical outcomes and
in vitro activity of antibiotics including fluoroquinolones
against biofilm-associated organisms in chronic pulmonary
infections, where biofilms also play an important role in pathogenesis
[10]. In addition, good oral bioavailability, tolerance
and penetration into joint fluid mean that fluoroquinolones
are well suited for use in PJI.
A limitation to the use of fluoroquinolones in this setting
is the potential for selecting resistant mutants during therapy,
in particular for Pseudomonas spp. [11]. To minimize this, a
period of intravenous b-lactam antibiotic was given to
patients in this study with the intention of reducing the bacterial
load before starting ciprofloxacin. Given the growing
evidence of the benefits of fluoroquinolones, especially early
in the infection when biofilms are being established, a reasonable
approach would also be to use combination b-lactam
The approach to treatment of Gram-negative PJI withdebridement and prosthesis retention, combined with anintravenous then oral antibiotic regimen was successful inthis study, with only two of 17 patients failing treatment.The 2-year survival rate free of treatment failure of 94%compares favourably with other studies examining outcomesfor early Gram-positive PJI. Evidence has been limited withregard to outcomes for Gram-negative PJI and to date hasshown variable results [1]; however, outcomes have beenbetter where fluoroquinolones have been used in the antibioticregimen [2,4]. Notably, most patients in this study hadbeen treated with a fluoroquinolone and the one patientwho had a relapsed Gram-negative infection was not treatedwith a fluoroquinolone, albeit with a treatment course shorter than intendedThe importance of treating Gram-positive prosthesisinfections with antibiotics that have good activity againstbiofilm-associated organisms, such as rifampicin, has beenwell established [5]. For Gram-negative infections, mostin vitro evidence shows that fluoroquinolones have betteractivity than other antibiotics in killing and preventing attachmentof slow-growing biofilm-associated organisms [6–9].Links have been made between better clinical outcomes andin vitro activity of antibiotics including fluoroquinolonesagainst biofilm-associated organisms in chronic pulmonaryinfections, where biofilms also play an important role in pathogenesis[10]. In addition, good oral bioavailability, tolerance
and penetration into joint fluid mean that fluoroquinolones
are well suited for use in PJI.
A limitation to the use of fluoroquinolones in this setting
is the potential for selecting resistant mutants during therapy,
in particular for Pseudomonas spp. [11]. To minimize this, a
period of intravenous b-lactam antibiotic was given to
patients in this study with the intention of reducing the bacterial
load before starting ciprofloxacin. Given the growing
evidence of the benefits of fluoroquinolones, especially early
in the infection when biofilms are being established, a reasonable
approach would also be to use combination b-lactam
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