Several shipper models have been formulated applying the concept of SPE over the past decades.
Through the early 1980s, most of the models haven't considered the carriers' behavior, defining arc and
node transportation cost functions. Research efforts to include carriers' decisions in the shipper problem
have emerged to analyze the simultaneous shipper-carrier interactions, via generalized SPE models that
capture the profit maximization behavior of carriers explicitly. Limited research work has focused on
sequential interactions between shippers and carriers considering carriers as the leading players in an
international trade network model. Existing literature, however, does not differentiate among different
types of carriers and their interactions, which is the issue addressed in this paper.