Iranian lawmakers have also been inconsistent in enforcing clean air acts and low industry standards. “Heavy energy subsidies...have contributed to inordinately high fuel use, and consequently higher levels of pollution from fuel emissions,” says David Michel, director of environmental security at the Washington, DC-based Stimson Center. The growth in fuel consumption, which at its peak reached five times the global average, was partially stymied by the subsidy reforms introduced by Ahmadinejad in 2010, but the progress stopped two years later, when the reform scheme was halted due to inflation and other economic concerns.