The spices surveyed, with the exception of chilli, are not grown for commercial sale in New Zealand. However, as no residues of ECH were found in chilli powder, this does not influence the ETO intake equation. The data on importation of the spices of concern indicate that black pepper was the spice consumed in the greatest quantity, followed by cinnamon/cassia, paprika,chilli powder (including chilli powder, dried ground chillies, dried ground capsicum and red pepper flakes)and nutmeg (Table 3).