Almost all farmers (93%) combined various traditional methods to keep wildlife off or chase them away from their farms,
such as beating drums or trees, lighting fire, burning tires, setting
up scarecrows, or using carbide as explosive devices for bamboo
guns. The remaining 7% who did not protect their crops were not
affected by elephant-raids. While 93% of those farmers applying
traditional methods made noise, only 13% planted chili, and 12%
killed some of the smaller intruding mammals (Fig. 4a). Forty-five