Other scholars undertook exercises to try to cover the deficiencies in Schramm’s theory, or expand and improve upon it, or propose new hypothesis. Typical is Nora Quebral, who adopts a holistic position in defining development communication: that it is the art and science of human communication, which is employed for the purpose of the swift transformation of a country beset with poverty to one that has attained a dynamic state of economic growth, opens the door for greater economic and social equality, and make possible the optimum realization of human potential. Uma Narula concentrates on the practical application of development communication: “the effectiveness of the development communication depends on the type and kind of audience, image of development bureaucracy, and the interpretations of media practitioners which affect the interpretations of communication and its persuasive efficiency.”