Using data collected from 575 Hong Kong firms, Kuan and Chau (2001) developed a perception based TOE framework incorporating six factors (direct benefits, indirect benefits, cost, technical competence, industry pressure, and government pressure) as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) adoption predictors. Their study indicated that the perception-based model using a technology-organization-environment framework is a useful approach for examining factors affecting the adoption decision. Table 2 summarizes relevant studies that were based on the TOE framework.