Why do these equations hold? Let's prove the three medians of a triangle are concurrent and the centroid is (2/3) the distance from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Let's begin by proving the concurrency of the medians. In order to prove concurrency of the medians, let's start by constructing D to be the midpoint of the segment AC and E to be the midpoint of the segment AB. Then, construct the segments BD and CE. Let their intersection point be labeled G. Then construct the segment DE.,
Notice that the segment DE is the mid-segment of triangle ABC. The mid-segment DE is parallel to the side BC and the length of DE is equal to 1/2 of the length of BC or 2DE = BC.
Next, using the alternate interior angles theorem we can prove angle ∠DEG ≅ angle ∠GCB, and angle ∠EDG ≅ ∠GBC. Since two angles are congruent in the triangle EDG and triangle CBG we can use the Angle-Angle postulate to prove that the two triangles are in fact similar triangles. Observe the blue triangle is similar to the pink triangle in the sketch below.