Reactive sputtering, evaporation and ion plating are the more
common methods of film property modification. In these processes, a
reactive gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber, where it chemically
combines with the depositing film to alter the material's composition or
structure. Using this technique, it is possible to deposit, for example,
stoichiometric oxides, carbides and nitrides. In addition to changing
compostion, film structure can be modfied, as in the case of the structural
change of from anatase to rutile, by varying the partial pressure of
oxygen in the sputtering gas[7.1].