At household level, the share of income generated from coffee decreased in non-certified farms from 24% to 15%, while it
increased in FT farms from 26% to 38%. Given the fact that
relative coffee prices declined compared to prices of other
crops and livestock, non-certified farmers generate substantially higher incomes compared to FT farmers. Moreover, also
income from off-farm employment drops more in FT-certified
farms that tend to use more family labor in coffee production.
Household income of non-certified farmers remains twice as
high as income of certified farms, and—despite the positive
production effects—net income effects of certification are
hardly registered. Consequently, only some minor shifts in
expenditure patterns occur, with increasing food and energy
expenditures and decreasing transport expenditures for both
groups, at slightly stronger intensity for FT farmers.