Declining fossil fuel resources, along with the increased petroleum demand by emerging economies, drives our society to search for new sources of liquid fuels. With decreasing crude-oil reserves, increased political and environmental concerns about the use of fossil-based energy carriers, the focus has recently turned towards an improved utilization of renewable energy resources. Biomass is a highly abundant and carbon–neutral renewable energy resource, being an ideal alternative option for the production of biofuels using different catalytic technologies from conventional petroleum refinery processing. During the last decade, innovative protocols