All fourth grade participants were taught eight investigations in the physics of
sound and all fifth grade participants were instructed in eight investigations in solar
energy. Two investigations per class were taught in a seven-week time frame to the
treatment groups and the control groups. To ensure that the science lessons were
identically taught in treatment and control classes for fourth and fifth grades, the
teacher followed the exact script and sequence of lessons provided in the teacher’s
guide for the FOSSTM modules in each grade. Only the drama treatment groups
received the creative drama integration after each FOSSTM investigation and before
beginning the next investigation (see Appendix 1 for further details).