Another focus
has been on students’ epistemologies and their beliefs
about the nature of physics and of learning in physics [3,4].
More recent work examines students’ self-efficacy [5], and
their reasoning skills more broadly [6]. Many curricula
and educational interventions [7–11] have been devised and
shown repeatedly to be effective at improving students’
conceptual understanding [12–16] or their beliefs about
learning physics [17,18]. In order to truly demonstrate
understanding, however, students must be able to not only
answer questions correctly but also to recognize their
correctness