Process problems
The examples show that learners experienced a number of issues due to listening skill
shortcomings. With respect to achieving lexical segmentation by establishing word
boundaries, the presence of an unstressed word of one syllable before or after a known (but
not necessarily recognized) word caused the activation of words which were formed from
across words in the input, as Broersma & Cutler (2008) suggest. For example, ‘the side’ as
‘decide’ and ‘carrot to’ as ‘character’. These two examples show that learners can mishear
some feature of the incoming words in connected speech, and this distortion leads to the
activation of approximate known words which only contain partial elements of the actual
words in the input. It appears lexical stress (on /said/ and /kæ/ in the two examples) was
important in activating potential candidates, from which a best match was made. This
selection process appeared heavily influenced by the effects of cliticisation, i.e., the
tendency of the speaker to group syllables together into strongweak (SW) or, less
commonly, strongweakweak (SWW) patterns (Field, 2008a). As a result, word boundaries
can become blurred, and some learners in this study lacked the ability to decipher genuine
word boundaries. Another word boundary issue arising was that syllables that were carrying
secondary stress in a word were incorrectly processed as separate words, i.e., learners
inserted an imaginary word boundary prior to the syllable with this characteristic. For
instance, the final syllables in ‘Securitas’ and ‘household’ were perceived and activated as
another monosyllabic word separate from the actual word, which is indicative of an incorrect
word boundary decision. For ‘household’, this decisionmaking seemed to be influenced by
the effects of resyllabification. Learners’ decoding errors also indicated that some had
problems with perceiving the vowel sound in word initial syllables, e.g., /hai/ (for ‘high’)
instead of /hau/ (for ‘household’), /rau/ (for ‘round’) instead of /ræ/ (for ‘rammed’). Given
that word onsets are notably salient cues for activating word candidates (Jusczyk & Luce,
2002; Vitevitch, 2002), this processing deficiency could have been a strong reason for
mismatches and the appearance of ‘phantom words’ in learners’ written responses. Both
words also carry primary stress on the first syllable, with such monosyllabic words or words
stressed on the first syllable making up 85.6% of content words in English (Cutler & Carter,
1987). Therefore, a stressed first syllable is an important and reliable feature in guiding word
activation in the mental lexicon, and a wrongly perceived vowel in this position clearly had
negative consequences for learners’ decoding accuracy
Process problemsThe examples show that learners experienced a number of issues due to listening skill shortcomings. With respect to achieving lexical segmentation by establishing word boundaries, the presence of an unstressed word of one syllable before or after a known (but not necessarily recognized) word caused the activation of words which were formed from across words in the input, as Broersma & Cutler (2008) suggest. For example, ‘the side’ as‘decide’ and ‘carrot to’ as ‘character’. These two examples show that learners can mishearsome feature of the incoming words in connected speech, and this distortion leads to the activation of approximate known words which only contain partial elements of the actual words in the input. It appears lexical stress (on /said/ and /kæ/ in the two examples) wasimportant in activating potential candidates, from which a best match was made. Thisselection process appeared heavily influenced by the effects of cliticisation, i.e., the tendency of the speaker to group syllables together into strongweak (SW) or, lesscommonly, strongweakweak (SWW) patterns (Field, 2008a). As a result, word boundariescan become blurred, and some learners in this study lacked the ability to decipher genuine word boundaries. Another word boundary issue arising was that syllables that were carrying secondary stress in a word were incorrectly processed as separate words, i.e., learnersแทรกขอบเขตการจินตภาพคำก่อนพยางค์มีลักษณะนี้ สำหรับอินสแตนซ์ พยางค์สุดท้าย 'Securitas' และ 'บ้าน' มองเห็น และเรียกใช้เป็นคำ monosyllabic อื่นแยกต่างหากจากคำจริง ซึ่งเป็นตัวชี้ให้เห็นของไม่ถูกต้อง การตัดสินใจขอบเขตของคำ สำหรับ 'ครัวเรือน' decisionmaking นี้ดูเหมือนจะมีผลมาจาก ผลของ resyllabification มีข้อผิดพลาดถอดรหัสของผู้เรียนยัง ชี้ให้เห็นว่า บางส่วน ปัญหา perceiving สระเสียงในพยางค์แรกของคำ เช่น /hai/ (สำหรับ 'สูง')แทน /hau/ (สำหรับ 'ครัวเรือน') /rau/ (สำหรับ 'กลม') แทน /ræ/ (สำหรับ 'ห้องสแตน') กำหนดให้ คำว่า onsets เป็นสัญลักษณ์เด่นยวดสำหรับการเรียกใช้ word ผู้สมัคร (Jusczyk & ลู2002 Vitevitch, 2002) ขาดการประมวลผลนี้มีเหตุผลแข็งแกร่งmismatches และลักษณะที่ปรากฏของ 'แฝงคำเรียน' เขียนตอบ ทั้งสองอย่าง คำยังมีความเครียดหลักในพยางค์ ด้วยเช่น monosyllabic คำหรือคำเน้นในพยางค์ทำขึ้น 85.6% ของคำในภาษาอังกฤษ (Cutler & คาร์เตอร์ เนื้อหา1987) . ดังนั้น พยางค์เครียดเป็นคุณลักษณะสำคัญ และน่าเชื่อถือในคำแนะนำ เปิดใช้งานในปทานุกรมจิต และสระที่รับรู้ผิดในตำแหน่งนี้อย่างชัดเจนได้ ผลลบความถูกต้องถอดรหัสของผู้เรียน
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