observe others practicing those behaviors, and, most importantly, to be successful at prac- ticing in the presence of others ... " (p. 31).
Elmore (2000) emphasizes the importance of a coherent set of school goals "... that give direction and meaning to learning and collegiality" (p. 16) and notes that collegial interac- tion has little value "... except in a school where the principal and teachers explicitly created a normative environment around a specific approach to instruction" (p. 17).
According to Andreae Downs (2000), if all teachers are to perform at high levels, prin- cipals must serve teachers and students as instructional leaders who keep school activities focused on student learning and build learning communities among staff members (and sometimes parents and community members as well). Just as they believe in the capacity of all students to learn at high levels, so, too, do instructional leaders believe they can learn to be more effective. These principals regularly visit classrooms, meet with teachers in large and small groups to discuss teaching and learning, discuss student work with teachers, alter the daily schedule to provide time for teacher learning, and use faculty meetings for profes- sional development. They also shape school norms to promote an ongoing discussion of teaching and learning and to encourage reflection in the use of new practices.